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France entry rules for Brits travelling to the Champions League final

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France entry rules for Brits travelling to the Champions League final

Posted | Updated by Insights team:

Publication | Update:

May 2022
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Paris will welcome tens of thousands of football fans for the UEFA Champions League final this weekend.

If you’ve bagged a hot ticket to see Liverpool take on Real Madrid on Saturday (28 May) - or have a more relaxing trip to France lined up - there are still some Covid travel restrictions in place.

Unvaccinated Brits and EU citizens can visit the country as long as they test negative for the virus.

France moved the UK onto its green list at the end of March, meaning that unjabbed travellers can show a PCR test taken within 72 hours or a lateral flow test taken within 48 hours to enter the country. 

Eurostar bookings and flights to Paris rose as a result, and soared even higher after the semi-finals at the start of this month, according to travel search engine KAYAK.

It found flight searches from Liverpool to Paris increased by more than thirty-three fold right after the Reds sealed their place in the final. 

Whether you’re backing Jurgen Klopp’s men, Real, or are simply after some fine wine and French sunshine, here’s what you need to know. 

What are the rules for vaccinated travellers?

DaylightLoren/Getty Images
A view of the Stade de France from Montmartre, Paris.DaylightLoren/Getty Images

Fully vaccinated Brits only need to show their NHS vaccination certificate to enter France.

From 31 March UK travellers are no longer required to sign a “declaration sur l’honneur”. This sworn declaration that you are not experiencing COVID-19 symptoms was previously required to enter the country.

"No negative test on departure is required for vaccinated travellers within the meaning of European regulations," says a statement from the French Ministry. 

"These travellers must present proof of vaccination to the transport company and to the border control authorities. No measures (tests, isolation) are in force upon arrival in metropolitan France." 

Do you need to be boosted to be fully vaccinated?

UK travellers hoping to visit France this summer may still have to take a Covid test if they have only received their primary vaccinations however.  

All adults who had their second dose more that 9 months ago will not be considered fully vaccinated, as per the EU Commission’s tightening of “full vaccination”.

As of 14 March, you no longer need to show your vaccination certificate to enter venues in France. Face masks are also no longer required at indoor venues but they are necessary on public transport. 

Daniel Cole/AP
A couple dance on a square in Marseille, southern France.Daniel Cole/AP

What are the rules for children?

Children under 12 do not need to be vaccinated or take Covid tests in order to visit France. 

Teenagers aged 12-17 are subject to the same rules as adults, which means that if they are unvaccinated they will need to do a PCR or lateral flow test before travelling to the country.

What happens if you test positive for COVID in France?

If you’re unlucky enough to catch Covid while on holiday in France, you’ll need to self-isolate.

Fully vaccinated people - or those who have recovered from the virus in the last four months - must stay inside for seven days from the day on which you first develop symptoms or test positive. This can be cut to five days with a (supervised) negative PCR or antigen test on the fifth day.

It’s a stricter rule than in the UK, and applies to children under the age of 12 too.

According to UK Foreign Office advice, you will have to extend your stay until the end of your isolation period, with no financial help from French authorities.

It means a flying visit to the Stade de France - Europe’s seventh largest stadium with a seating capacity of 80,000 could end up becoming a lot longer and more costly.

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Forecast methodology

The future outlook “forecast” is based on a set of statistical methods such as regression analysis, industry specific drivers as well as analyst evaluations, as well as analysis of the trends that influence economic outcomes and business decision making.
The Global Economic Model is covering the political environment, the macroeconomic environment, market opportunities, policy towards free enterprise and competition, policy towards foreign investment, foreign trade and exchange controls, taxes, financing, the labour market and infrastructure. We aim update our market forecast to include the latest market developments and trends.

Forecasts, Data modelling and indicator normalisation

Review of independent forecasts for the main macroeconomic variables by the following organizations provide a holistic overview of the range of alternative opinions:

  • Cambridge Econometrics (CE)

  • The Centre for Economic and Business Research (CEBR)

  • Experian Economics (EE)

  • Oxford Economics (OE)

As a result, the reported forecasts derive from different forecasters and may not represent the view of any one forecaster over the whole of the forecast period. These projections provide an indication of what is, in our view most likely to happen, not what it will definitely happen.

Short- and medium-term forecasts are based on a “demand-side” forecasting framework, under the assumption that supply adjusts to meet demand either directly through changes in output or through the depletion of inventories.
Long-term projections rely on a supply-side framework, in which output is determined by the availability of labour and capital equipment and the growth in productivity.
Long-term growth prospects, are impacted by factors including the workforce capabilities, the openness of the economy to trade, the legal framework, fiscal policy, the degree of government regulation.

Direct contribution to GDP
The method for calculating the direct contribution of an industry to GDP, is to measure its ‘gross value added’ (GVA); that is, to calculate the difference between the industry’s total pre­tax revenue and its total bought­in costs (costs excluding wages and salaries).

Forecasts of GDP growth: GDP = CN+IN+GS+NEX

GDP growth estimates take into account:

  • Consumption, expressed as a function of income, wealth, prices and interest rates;

  • Investment as a function of the return on capital and changes in capacity utilization; Government spending as a function of intervention initiatives and state of the economy;

  • Net exports as a function of global economic conditions.

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Market Quantification
All relevant markets are quantified utilizing revenue figures for the forecast period. The Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) within each segment is used to measure growth and to extrapolate data when figures are not publicly available.

Revenues

Our market segments reflect major categories and subcategories of the global market, followed by an analysis of statistical data covering national spending and international trade relations and patterns. Market values reflect revenues paid by the final customer / end user to vendors and service providers either directly or through distribution channels, excluding VAT. Local currencies are converted to USD using the yearly average exchange rates of local currencies to the USD for the respective year as provided by the IMF World Economic Outlook Database.

Industry Life Cycle Market Phase

Market phase is determined using factors in the Industry Life Cycle model. The adapted market phase definitions are as follows:

  • Nascent: New market need not yet determined; growth begins increasing toward end of cycle

  • Growth: Growth trajectory picks up; high growth rates

  • Mature: Typically fewer firms than growth phase, as dominant solutions continue to capture the majority of market share and market consolidation occurs, displaying lower growth rates that are typically on par with the general economy

  • Decline: Further market consolidation, rapidly declining growth rates

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The Global Economic Model
The Global Economic Model brings together macroeconomic and sectoral forecasts for quantifying the key relationships.

The model is a hybrid statistical model that uses macroeconomic variables and inter-industry linkages to forecast sectoral output. The model is used to forecast not just output, but prices, wages, employment and investment. The principal variables driving the industry model are the components of final demand, which directly or indirectly determine the demand facing each industry. However, other macroeconomic assumptions — in particular exchange rates, as well as world commodity prices — also enter into the equation, as well as other industry specific factors that have been or are expected to impact.

  • Vector Auto Regression (VAR) statistical models capturing the linear interdependencies among multiple time series, are best used for short-term forecasting, whereby shocks to demand will generate economic cycles that can be influenced by fiscal and monetary policy.

  • Dynamic-Stochastic Equilibrium (DSE) models replicate the behaviour of the economy by analyzing the interaction of economic variables, whereby output is determined by supply side factors, such as investment, demographics, labour participation and productivity.

  • Dynamic Econometric Error Correction (DEEC) modelling combines VAR and DSE models by estimating the speed at which a dependent variable returns to its equilibrium after a shock, as well as assessing the impact of a company, industry, new technology, regulation, or market change. DEEC modelling is best suited for forecasting.

Forecasts of GDP growth per capita based on these factors can then be combined with demographic projections to give forecasts for overall GDP growth.
Wherever possible, publicly available data from official sources are used for the latest available year. Qualitative indicators are normalised (on the basis of: Normalised x = (x - Min(x)) / (Max(x) - Min(x)) where Min(x) and Max(x) are, the lowest and highest values for any given indicator respectively) and then aggregated across categories to enable an overall comparison. The normalised value is then transformed into a positive number on a scale of 0 to 100. The weighting assigned to each indicator can be changed to reflect different assumptions about their relative importance.

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The principal explanatory variable in each industry’s output equation is the Total Demand variable, encompassing exogenous macroeconomic assumptions, consumer spending and investment, and intermediate demand for goods and services by sectors of the economy for use as inputs in the production of their own goods and services.

Elasticities
Elasticity measures the response of one economic variable to a change in another economic variable, whether the good or service is demanded as an input into a final product or whether it is the final product, and provides insight into the proportional impact of different economic actions and policy decisions.
Demand elasticities measure the change in the quantity demanded of a particular good or service as a result of changes to other economic variables, such as its own price, the price of competing or complementary goods and services, income levels, taxes.
Demand elasticities can be influenced by several factors. Each of these factors, along with the specific characteristics of the product, will interact to determine its overall responsiveness of demand to changes in prices and incomes.
The individual characteristics of a good or service will have an impact, but there are also a number of general factors that will typically affect the sensitivity of demand, such as the availability of substitutes, whereby the elasticity is typically higher the greater the number of available substitutes, as consumers can easily switch between different products.
The degree of necessity. Luxury products and habit forming ones, typically have a higher elasticity.
Proportion of the budget consumed by the item. Products that consume a large portion of the consumer’s budget tend to have greater elasticity.
Elasticities tend to be greater over the long run because consumers have more time to adjust their behaviour.
Finally, if the product or service is an input into a final product then the price elasticity will depend on the price elasticity of the final product, its cost share in the production costs, and the availability of substitutes for that good or service.

Prices
Prices are also forecast using an input-output framework. Input costs have two components; labour costs are driven by wages, while intermediate costs are computed as an input-output weighted aggregate of input sectors’ prices. Employment is a function of output and real sectoral wages, that are forecast as a function of whole economy growth in wages. Investment is forecast as a function of output and aggregate level business investment.

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